Еволюція підходів до вивчення динаміки українських говірок у вітчизняній та зарубіжній діалектології (ХХ – поч. ХХІ ст.)

Abstract

У статті висвітлено питання історії дослідження динаміки українських говірок. Простежено підходи до визначення мовних змін. Описано наявний в українській лінгвістиці досвід аналізу динаміки говірок в опорі на «Атлас української мови».

The formation of the Ukrainian dialectological thought takes place between the second half of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth centuries. However, only from the middle of the nineteenth century the foundations of scientific research of Ukrainian dialects were developed. Although language transformations were still beyond the scope of scientific studies, some ideas about dynamism were formed. The understanding of the variability of the range of dialect phenomena appeared in the first decades of the twentieth century, when the study of dialects was carried out with the use of elements of the comparative historical method and linguistic geography. A significant interest in the problem of the evolution of dialectal speech arose in the middle of the twentieth century, when the empirical basis for the creation of the "Atlas of the Ukrainian Language" was formed. In the second half of the twentieth century and at the beginning of the XXI century the attempts to identify the features of the dynamics of individual dialects become regular. In addition, a search for new methodologies for describing the evolution of dialectal speech has been done. Firstly, on the basis of limited material for the previous periods of the development of the dialect system, the researchers compared the linguistic facts with the evidence of written monuments of a certain locality (works by I. Varchenko, V. Vashchenko) in order to explain the modern phonetic and morphological features. Later, the trends in the development of linguistic phenomena in Ukrainian dialects were studied in the East and West Slavic background. There were attempts to reveal the tendencies of language phenomena by comparing localized written monuments with modern processes in phonetics and morphology (G. Shilo, J. Dzendzelovsky, A. Zaleskii). In Ukrainian dialectology, the researchers studied the dynamics of speech as well as linguistic and geographic evidence. The last third of the twentieth century in Ukrainian dialectology was marked by the fact that linguogeographic works began to be published actively. Most of them were aimed at a synchronous description of linguistic material. However, there were attempts to determine the dynamics of language elements. A significant number of scientific studies devoted to the evolution of dialectal speech, including those that used the method of bi-directional mapping, have arisen only in recent decades.